The Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum (សារមន្ទីរឧក្រិដ្ឋកម្មប្រល័យពូជសាសន៍ទួលស្លែង), located in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, stands as a somber testament to the atrocities committed during the Khmer Rouge regime (1975–1979). Once a high school known as Tuol Svay Prey, the site was transformed into Security Prison 21 (S-21), one of the most brutal interrogation and detention centers in history. Today, the museum serves as a memorial to the victims and a stark reminder of the dangers of totalitarianism, genocide, and unchecked power.

Historical Background: From School to Prison
Before the Khmer Rouge seized power in 1975, Tuol Sleng was a bustling educational institution. However, under Pol Pot’s regime, schools, hospitals, and religious sites were repurposed for the regime’s brutal agenda. The Khmer Rouge sought to create an agrarian communist society by eliminating intellectuals, professionals, and perceived enemies.
S-21 became the central interrogation and torture facility where an estimated 17,000 to 20,000 prisoners were held. Only a handful survived. Victims included former Khmer Rouge officials, soldiers, teachers, doctors, and even women and children accused of betraying the revolution.

Life and Death Inside S-21
Prisoners at S-21 endured unimaginable suffering. Upon arrival, they were photographed, stripped of their identities, and forced to confess to crimes they did not commit. Torture methods included beatings, electric shocks, waterboarding, and starvation. Many died from the abuse; others were executed at the Killing Fields of Choeung Ek (វាលពិឃាតជើងឯក), a short distance from Phnom Penh.
The Khmer Rouge meticulously documented their atrocities. Thousands of black-and-white photographs of prisoners line the museum walls, their faces frozen in fear and despair. These haunting images humanize the victims, making the brutality of the regime even more visceral.

The Museum Today: Preservation and Education
After the fall of the Khmer Rouge in 1979, S-21 was discovered by Vietnamese forces. The prison remained largely untouched, with bloodstains still visible on the floors and torture devices intact. The Cambodian government converted it into a museum to educate future generations about the horrors of the regime.
Visitors to the museum can see:
– Original prison cells – Tiny brick and wooden confinement spaces where prisoners were shackled.
– Torture devices – Including iron beds used for electrocution and waterboarding.
– Victims’ photographs – Displayed in rows, some showing children as young as infants.
– Interrogation rooms – Preserved with disturbing graffiti and bloodstains.
– Documentation archives – Containing forced confessions and execution records.

The Importance of Remembering
The Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum is not just a historical site; it is a warning about the consequences of extremism and unchecked power. Cambodia’s trauma under the Khmer Rouge led to the deaths of nearly 2 million people—a quarter of the population.
For survivors and families of victims, the museum is a place of mourning and remembrance. For younger generations, it serves as a crucial lesson in human rights, justice, and resilience. The museum also plays a role in Cambodia’s ongoing reconciliation process, as former Khmer Rouge leaders have been tried by the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC).

Visiting Tuol Sleng is a deeply emotional experience. The silence within its walls speaks volumes about the suffering that occurred there. While painful, confronting this history is necessary to ensure such atrocities are never repeated.
The museum stands as a plea for peace, justice, and humanity—a reminder that behind every statistic was a person with dreams, a family, and a life brutally cut short. By remembering the past, Cambodia and the world can strive for a future free from such horrors.